Imashini yo gupima kwambara imyenda ya Lead Core: Ubuyobozi bwuzuye bwo gupima ubukana bw'ikaramu

Intangiriro: Ubumenyi bwo gupima imikorere y'ikaramu

Mu binyejana byinshi, "uburyo" bw'ikaramu bwakomeje kuba ubunararibonye bw'umuntu ku giti cye. Umuhanzi ashobora guhitamo 2B y'ikirango kimwe kubera uburyo ikora neza, mu gihe injeniyeri asaba indi grade ya H kubera umurongo wayo mwiza kandi udahinduka. Ubu buryo bworoshye burangira muri laboratwari igezweho yo kugenzura ubuziranenge.Imashini yo gupima kwambara imyenda ya Lead Core(izwi kandi nka "penseli ipima abrasion" cyangwa "lead core abrasion tester") ihindura igitekerezo cy'ubudahangarwa bwo kurwanya abrasion mo amakuru yizewe kandi y'imibare. Iki gikoresho cyihariye cyemeza imiterere y'itsinda, kikubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho y'inganda nkaQB/T 2774-2006 ingingo ya 5.3, kandi byubaka icyizere cy’ikirango binyuze mu kwemeza ko ikaramu yose mu cyiciro runaka ikora kimwe.

Ni ikiImashini yo gupima kwambara imyenda ya Lead Core?

A imashini ipima kwambara imyenda y'imbere ya leadni igikoresho cyihariye cya laboratwari cyagenewe gupima neza uburyo amakaramu aramba bitewe n’uko aramba bitewe n’imiterere isanzwe kandi igenzurwa. Inshingano yacyo y’ibanze ni ukumenya ingano y’ibikoresho by’amakaramu byashaje nyuma y’umubare uhamye w’impapuro cyangwa ubuso busanzwe. Iki "gipimo cy’uburibwe" gipimwe gifitanye isano itaziguye n’urwego rw’ubukomere bw’ikaramu ku gipimo cya 'H' cyangwa 'B'. Mu gukuraho ibintu bihinduka mu bantu—nk’umuvuduko w’inyandiko udahuye, umuvuduko, n’inguni—iki gipimo giha abakora igipimo gihamye cyo kwemeza ko ikaramu ya 2B yo mu itsinda rimwe ifite ubworoherane n’uburambe nk’ubwa 2B yo mu rindi. Ni ryo shingiro ry’igenzura ry’ubuziranenge bw’igikoresho cyo kwandika gishingiye ku ntego.

Amahame y'ingenzi yo Gupima: Kwigana Itegeko ryo Kwandika

Ihame ry'ibanze ry'iyi mashini ni ukwigana uburyo imashini ikoresha ikaramu n'impapuro mu gihe cyo kwandika cyangwa gushushanya. Imashini ikoresha ikaramu isubiramo inyandiko cyangwa gushushanya kugira ngo ikore ibintu bishya mu buryo busanzwe. Binyuze mu gukurura no kugenzura neza, icyuma gipima gishyira imyaka myinshi ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe mu buryo bugufi kandi busanzwe bwo muri laboratwari.

Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gupima

• Uburyo bwo Gutera Indwara mu Gutera Indwara:Agati k'ikaramu gashyirwa ku rupapuro cyangwa ku buso busanzwe kandi bukozwe mu buryo busanzwe, kagashyirwa inyuma no inyuma incuro nyinshi mu ntera ihamye, biganisha ku kuntu inyandiko igenda ihinduka.
• Uburyo bwo kuzunguruka ingoma:Umugozi ushyirwa ku ngoma izenguruka itwikiriwe n'ibikoresho byo gukurura, biganisha ku gushushanya cyangwa kwandika bigenda bihoraho. Ubu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu mashini zikurikiza QB/T 2774-2006 na GB/T 26704-2011.
• Uburyo bwo kwambara ingingo:Ipima ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'inkoni y'ikaramu ityaye kugeza ku kubyimba kwayo mu gihe igenzuwe, bifitanye isano itaziguye n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana n'imbibi muri rusange.

Ubumenyi bwimbitse ku ihame ry'uburinganire: Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'ibizamini

Ubunyangamugayo n'uburyo ikizamini cyo kwambara icyuma gisubirwamo biterwa n'ibintu byinshi bigenzurwa neza. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya QB/T 2774-2006 n'ibindi bisa nabyo mpuzamahanga bigena ibi bipimo mu buryo burambuye.

Guteka impapuro (Guteka kuri 303°C)

Iyi ntambwe y'ingenzi ikuraho ubushuhe busigaye ku mpapuro zo kwandikaho. Ubushuhe bushobora gukora nk'amavuta ku mpapuro, bigabanura cyane ubushyuhe bwapimwe kandi bigatera kwangirika guke. Guteka impapuro kuri dogere selisiyusi 303 mu gihe cy'amasaha 2, hanyuma bigakonjeshwa mu cyuma gifunze amasaha 2 hanyuma bikabikwa mu gikapu gifunze kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu cyumweru kimwe, bituma habaho ubuso buhamye kandi bwumye bwo gukurura kuri buri kizamini.

Gutunganya no gushushanya neza icyuma gishyushya icyuma

Gukoresha icyuma gishushanya hanyuma ugatera umucanga kugeza ku murambararo nyawo ni ingenzi. Ihame rigena ko imicanga yo mu byiciro bikomeye (HB kugeza kuri 10H) iterwa umucanga kugeza kuri 0.7mm, mu gihe imicanga yoroshye kandi ifite ibara (B kugeza kuri 6B) iterwa umucanga kugeza kuri 0.8mm hakoreshejwe W14 metallographic sandpaper. Ibi bituma aho icyitegererezo cya mbere n'ubuso bw'aho bihurira ari bimwe ku ngero zose, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu isuzuma rishobora gusubiramo.

Imbaraga zigenzurwa

Uburemere bungana, ubusanzwe garama 300, bushyirwa ku ikaramu kugira ngo bigane igitutu cyo kwandika gihoraho. Ibi bikuraho ihindagurika ry'igitutu cy'intoki, bikerekana ko kwangirika gupimwa biterwa n'imiterere y'icyuma gipima, atari ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ikizamini. Sisitemu y'imizigo y'imashini yemerera gukoresha imbaraga mu buryo buhoraho mu gihe cyose cy'ikizamini.

Umuvuduko n'ingendo bigenzurwa

Iyi mashini ikora ku muvuduko wagenwe, akenshi ikaba ari 40 ku munota (40 cpm). Umubare wose w'imyitozo ugenwa hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bikurikizwa, bigatuma ingero zose zigwa ku rugero rumwe.

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki by'ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gupima

Imashini ipima imyenda y’inzobere mu gupima ubushyuhe bw’imbere isanzwe iba ifite ibi bikurikira, nk’uko bigaragara mu bwoko nka HY-317 na LT-WJB08:

• Ibiro:Imitwaro ishobora guhindurwa, akenshi irimo 150g, 200g, na 300g kugira ngo ihuze n'ibipimo bitandukanye by'ibizamini n'amanota y'uburemere.
• Umuvuduko w'urukiramende:Bisanzwe ku muvuduko wa 40 ku munota (cpm).
• Sisitemu yo gupima:Igipimo cy’ikoranabuhanga gitanga ubuziranenge (akenshi gituruka ku bigo nka Mitutoyo) kugira ngo gipime igihombo cy’uburebure bw’urushinge nyuma yo gupimwa.
• Uburyo bwo gukaraba:W14 metallographic sandpaper n'impapuro zo kwandikaho za 80g/m² nk'uko bigenwa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho.
• Isahani yo gupima umutwe w'ibanze:Umwobo mwiza wa 0.7mm na 0.8mm kugira ngo hategurwe neza umutwe w'icyuma.
• Ingano n'Uburemere:Hafi 760 × 335 × 437 mm (Ubugari × Ubwinshi) na 50 kg.
• Ingufu z'amashanyarazi:AC220V 50Hz.

Porogaramu yo Gupima Intambwe ku Ntambwe

Gukurikiza uburyo busanzwe ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo byizewe kandi bisa. Dore isesengura ryumvikana ry’uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima irangi ry’ikaramu:

1. Gutegura impapuro:Shyira impapuro zo kwandikaho uziseke kuri dogere selisiyusi 303 mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Zikonjeshe mu cyuma gitanga amazi mu gihe cy'amasaha 2, hanyuma uzibike mu ishashi ya pulasitiki ifunze neza kugira ngo uzikoreshe mu cyumweru kimwe.
2. Guhitamo no Gutunganya Ingero:Hitamo icyitegererezo cy'ikaramu. Gityaze ukoresheje icyuma gishushanya gisanzwe. Shyiramo icyuma gipima uburebure mu gipimo gikwiye (0.7mm kuri HB-10H, 0.8mm kuri B-6B/ibara) hanyuma usukemo icyuma gipima uburebure gikoresha W14 metallographic sandpaper.
3. Gushyiraho imashini:Shyira urupapuro rwafashwe ku ngoma izenguruka. Shyira ikaramu mu gikoresho cyo gufata, ushyireho uburyo bwo kuringaniza icyuma, hanyuma ushyireho uburemere bungana (urugero: 300g).
4. Gupima Zero no Gupima Mbere yo Gusuzuma:Subiza aho ukoresha revolution counter hanyuma ushyireho zeru ikimenyetso cy'aho ukoresha (micrometer) gipima uburebure bw'icyuma.
5. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ikizamini:Koresha imashini. Ingoma izunguruka ku muvuduko wagenwe (ubusanzwe ni 40 cpm), kandi icyuma gishyirwa ku rupapuro kugira ngo kigere ku mubare wagenwe w'imyitozo.
6. Igipimo cya nyuma y'ikizamini:Nyuma y'uko imashini ihagaze, uburebure bw'icyuma gipima burongera gupimwa hakoreshejwe ikimenyetso cy'ikoranabuhanga. Itandukaniro rigaragaza ko igihombo cyangiritse.
7. Isesengura ry'amakuru:Agaciro k'ingufu karanditswe kandi kakagereranywa n'ibipimo by'imbere cyangwa ibisabwa n'amategeko kugira ngo hamenyekane niba ikaramu yujuje ubukana n'uburambe bisabwa.

Ikoreshwa mu gukora no kugenzura ubuziranenge

Imashini ipima kwambara kw'imashini ni ingenzi cyane ku bakora ibikoresho byo kwandika, ndetse no ku nzego zigenzura n'ama laboratwari y'abandi. Imikoreshereze yayo y'ibanze irimo:

• Kwemeza amanota:Gukora ku buryo amakaramu yanditseho urwego runaka rw'ubukomere (urugero, 2B, HB, 2H) ahora atanga umusaruro uteganijwe wo kwangirika. Ibyuma byoroshye (B) byangirika vuba, mu gihe ibyuma bikomeye (H) byo birwanya cyane.
• Uguhuza kw'itsinda:Gupima ingero z'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye kugira ngo harebwe ko uburyo bwo gukora ingano y'ibicuruzwa n'uburyo bwo kubitunganya biguma bihamye kandi bigatanga umusaruro umwe.
• Iterambere ry'Ibikoresho:Gupima uburyo impinduka mu gipimo cya grafiti-ku-ibumba cyangwa ishyirwaho ry'ibikoresho bishya byo gufunga bigira ingaruka ku kudashira no gukora muri rusange kw'icyuma gifata ikaramu.
• Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'impamyabushobozi:Gukora amakuru y’ibizamini ashobora kugenzurwa kugira ngo hagaragazwe ko yujuje ibisabwa n’amahame y’igihugu nka QB/T 2774-2006 (ku makaramu) na GB/T 26704-2011 (amahame y’igihugu ku makaramu mu Bushinwa).
• Isuzuma ry'irushanwa:Kugereranya uburyo ibicuruzwa by'uruganda ubwabyo bidashobora kwangirika n'iby'abanywanyi kugira ngo hamenyekane aho isoko rihagaze.

Iyubahirizwa ry'amahame mpuzamahanga n'ay'igihugu

Imashini ipima imyenda y’inzobere yagenewe kuzuza ibisabwa n’amahame menshi y’ingenzi, kugira ngo ibisubizo byayo byumvikane ku isi yose. Amahame y’ibanze arimo:

• QB/T 2774-2006 Ingingo ya 5.3:Amabwiriza yihariye y’inganda z’amakaramu zo mu Bushinwa, asobanura uburyo bwo gupima uburibwe. Aya ni yo mahame shingiro y’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko ku mashini nyinshi ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa.
• GB/T 26704-2011:Amabwiriza y’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa ku makaramu, asimbura amwe mu mabwiriza ya mbere kandi arimo ibisabwa nk’ibyo mu gupima uburibwe.
• QB/T 1024-2007:Igipimo ngenderwaho kijyanye n'ibimenyetso n'ibikoresho byo kwandika bisa, bishobora kuba bishingiye ku mahame mato yo gupima uburibwe.
• ISO 20318-2:2019:Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga ku makaramu y'umukara akoreshwa mu gushushanya, agaragaza uburyo bwo kuyashyira mu byiciro, ubwiza, n'uburyo bwo kuyapima, harimo n'imikorere ijyanye no kwangirika.

Ibyiza byo gupima kwambara lisansi hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuyipima hakoreshejwe intoki

Nubwo bishoboka gusuzuma ubukana bw'ikaramu hakoreshejwe ibizamini byo "gushwanyaguza" by'umuntu ku giti cye, ikizamini cyo kwambara icyuma gikoresha icyuma gitanga inyungu nyinshi zituma iba amahitamo meza yo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ikaramu:

• Gusubiramo no kongera kubyaza umusaruro mu buryo budasanzwe (R&R):Iyi mashini ikuraho itandukaniro ry’inguni, umuvuduko n’umuvuduko w’inguni, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu gutanga amakuru yizewe no kwemeza amahame y’igenzura. Abakora ibikoresho babiri batandukanye bazabona igisubizo kimwe ku rugero rumwe.
• Amakuru y'imibare:Aho gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima cyangwa gutsindwa cyangwa gupima ku rugero rungana, igikoresho gipima gitanga agaciro nyako k'imibare ku bijyanye n'ubusaze (muri milimetero cyangwa garama), bigatuma habaho kugenzura imikorere y'ibarurishamibare (SPC) no gusesengura uko ibintu bigenda.
• Umusaruro mwinshi:Iyi mashini ishobora gukoresha ingero nyinshi zikurikiranye cyangwa, mu buryo bumwe na bumwe, igakora ingero nyinshi icyarimwe. Ikora nta muntu uyireba, bigatuma igihe cyo gukora ibizamini kigabanuka kandi ikongera ubushobozi bwo gukora ibizamini byo muri laboratwari.
• Amanota y'intego:Agaciro k'imibare gashobora guhuzwa neza n'igipimo cy'ubukana bwa HB, bigatuma habaho isano ishingiye ku makuru hagati y'urwego rwavuzwe rw'ikaramu n'imikorere yayo nyayo.

Ikibazo cy'ubucuruzi: Kuki washora imari mu isuzuma ry'imyenda y'umwuga?

Ku bakora amakaramu n'ibindi bikoresho byo kwandika, gushora imari mu mashini ipima imyenda y'imbere itanga inyungu zifatika mu bucuruzi zirenze kure amategeko yoroshye:

• Kugabanuka kw'ibirego by'abakiriya no kugaruza amafaranga:Mu kwemeza ko buri gice cyujuje imiterere yagenwe yo kwambara, abakora bagabanya ibyago by'abakiriya kubona amakaramu yumva "ashaje", asaza vuba cyane, cyangwa adahuye n'urugero rw'ibiciro byitezwe.
• Izina rikomeye ry'ikirango kubera uguhuzagurika:Abahanzi, abanyeshuri, n'abanyamwuga bishingikiriza ku birango by'ikaramu bakunda kugira ngo bikore kimwe igihe cyose baguze ipaki nshya. Guhuza kwemewe byubaka ubudahemuka n'icyizere.
• Iterambere ry'Ibicuruzwa Rinoze:Gupima imikorere y’imiti itandukanye ya lead bituma amakipe y’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ashobora gukora vuba no kunoza uburyo bworoshye bwo kuboneza urubyaro, umwijima, no kuramba.
• Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'uburyo bwo kubona isoko:Ku nganda zohereza ibicuruzwa mu turere dufite amahame y’ubuziranenge akomeye (nk’Ubushinwa bufite GB/T 26704-2011 cyangwa Uburayi bufite ISO 20318-2), isuzuma ry’imyenda yambaye inyandiko akenshi ni ngombwa kugira ngo umuntu yinjire ku isoko kandi wirinde ko ibicuruzwa byemererwa gukurwa ku gasutamo.
• Itandukaniro mu irushanwa:Uruganda rushobora gusohora no kwemeza ibipimo byihariye kandi byapimwe byo kwambara ikaramu kuri buri gipimo cy’ikaramu rugira inyungu ikomeye mu kwamamaza kurusha abanywanyi bashingira ku byo umuntu yibwira.

Guhitamo imashini ikwiye yo gupima imyenda ya Lead Core

Mu gihe uhitamo imashini ipima kwambara imyenda y’imbere y’umushongi w’amashanyarazi yo muri laboratwari yawe cyangwa mu ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge, tekereza ku bintu bikurikira kugira ngo umenye neza ko uhisemo ibikoresho bikwiranye n’ibyo ukeneye:

• Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko risanzwe:Genzura ko imashini yagenewe by’umwihariko uburyo bwo gupima bwavuzwe muri QB/T 2774-2006 ingingo ya 5.3 cyangwa amahame mpuzamahanga ajyanye n’isoko wifuza.
• Uburyo bwo gupima neza:Shaka imashini ifite ikimenyetso cy’ikoranabuhanga gifite ubushobozi bwo gupima ubukana bw’imashini (nk’icyuma cya Mitutoyo) gishobora gupima ubukana bw’imashini mu ntera ya 0.001mm cyangwa irenga.
• Uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu butandukanye:Menya neza ko imashini irimo uburemere butandukanye (urugero: 150g, 200g, 300g) kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu kugerageza ubwoko butandukanye bw'ikaramu, kuva ku makaramu y'amabara yoroshye kugeza ku makaramu akomeye yo gushushanya.
• Ubwiza n'Iterambere ry'Inyubako:Urufunguzo rukomeye kandi rudahindagurika ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho ibisubizo bihoraho. Imashini zipima ibiro bigera kuri 50 akenshi zitanga ubudahinduka bukenewe kugira ngo zipime neza.
• Uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha no gucunga amakuru:Tekereza ku mashini zifite uburyo bwo kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bwihuse, ecran zisobanutse neza, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwa porogaramu zo kwandika ibipimo by'ibizamini no gukora raporo.

Umwanzuro: Kuva ku kumva ibintu mu buryo bw'ibanga kugeza ku bumenyi bw'intego

ItsindaImashini yo gupima kwambara imyenda ya Lead CoreIgaragaza uburyo ubuhanga buhanitse bukoreshwa mu gupima imikorere y'imwe mu bikoresho bizwi cyane ku isi - ikaramu. Ihindura igitekerezo cyoroshye cy'"uburyo ikaramu ishira vuba" ikayihinduramo igipimo cyizewe, gishingiye ku makuru yo kugenzura ubuziranenge, guteza imbere ibikoresho, no kubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho ku isi. Ku bakora amakaramu, amakaramu y'imashini, n'amakaramu y'amabara, gushora imari muri ibi bikoresho byihariye ni ishoramari mu guhuza ibicuruzwa, kunyurwa n'abakiriya, no kumenyekana ko ari inyangamugayo. Ituma ikimenyetso gisigara inyuma kiba cyiza cyane, kandi giteganijwe.