Njengoba kuqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla, amabhethri kagesi nawo athola ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Uhlelo lokulawula ibhethri, injini kanye nogesi yizingxenye ezintathu ezibalulekile zezimoto ezintsha zamandla, lapho ibhethri lamandla liyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu, kungathiwa "yinhliziyo" yezimoto ezintsha zamandla, bese ibhethri lamandla lezimoto ezintsha zamandla lihlukaniswe ngezigaba zini?
1, ibhethri le-lead-acid
Ibhethri le-lead-acid (VRLA) yibhethri elinama-electrode akhiwe kakhulu nge-lead kanye nama-oxide ayo, futhi i-electrolyte yayo iyisisombululo se-sulfuric acid. Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-electrode e-positive yi-lead dioxide, kanti ingxenye eyinhloko ye-electrode e-negative yi-lead. Esimweni sokukhishwa, ingxenye eyinhloko yama-electrode a-positive kanye na-negative yi-lead sulfate. I-voltage ejwayelekile yebhethri le-lead-acid yeseli elilodwa ingu-2.0V, ingakhipha ku-1.5V, ingashaja ku-2.4V; Ekusetshenzisweni, amabhethri e-lead-acid eseli elilodwa ayi-6 avame ukuxhunywa ochungechungeni ukuze akhe ibhethri le-lead-acid e-nominal engu-12V, kanye no-24V, 36V, 48V, njalo njalo.
Ibhethri le-nickel-cadmium (elivame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi i-NiCd, elibizwa ngokuthi “nye-cad”) uhlobo oludumile lwebhethri lokugcina. Ibhethri lisebenzisa i-nickel hydroxide (NiOH) kanye ne-cadmium metal (Cd) njengamakhemikhali ukukhiqiza ugesi. Nakuba ukusebenza kwalo kungcono kunamabhethri e-lead-acid, aqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo futhi angcolisa imvelo ngemva kokushiywa.
Ibhethri le-nickel-cadmium lingaphindaphindwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-500 zokushaja nokukhipha, lingabizi futhi lihlala isikhathi eside. Ukumelana kwalo kwangaphakathi kuncane, hhayi nje kuphela ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuncane, kungashajwa ngokushesha, kodwa futhi kunganikeza ugesi omkhulu womthwalo, futhi ushintsho lwe-voltage luncane kakhulu lapho lukhishwa, liyibhethri elifanele kakhulu le-DC power supply. Uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri, amabhethri e-nickel-cadmium angamelana nokushaja ngokweqile noma ukushajwa ngokweqile.
Amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride akhiwe ngama-ion e-hydrogen kanye ne-nickel yensimbi, amandla agciniwe angaphezu kwama-30% kunamabhethri e-nickel-cadmium, alula kunamabhethri e-nickel-cadmium, ahlala isikhathi eside, futhi awangcolisi imvelo, kodwa intengo ibiza kakhulu kunamabhethri e-nickel-cadmium.
Ibhethri le-lithium liyiklasi lensimbi ye-lithium noma i-lithium alloy njengento engeyona i-electrode, ukusetshenziswa kwesisombululo se-electrolyte esingemanzi sebhethri. Amabhethri e-lithium angahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezigaba ezimbili: amabhethri ensimbi ye-lithium namabhethri e-lithium ion. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion awaqukethe i-lithium esimweni sensimbi futhi angashajwa kabusha.
Amabhethri ensimbi ye-lithium ngokuvamile amabhethri asebenzisa i-manganese dioxide njengento ye-electrode enhle, insimbi ye-lithium noma insimbi yayo ye-alloy njengento ye-electrode engemihle, futhi asebenzisa izixazululo ze-electrolyte ezingezona ezimanzi. Ukwakheka kwezinto zebhethri le-lithium ngokuyinhloko: izinto ze-electrode ezinhle, izinto ze-electrode ezimbi, i-diaphragm, i-electrolyte.
Phakathi kwezinto ze-cathode, izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-lithium cobaltate, i-lithium manganate, i-lithium iron phosphate kanye nezinto ze-ternary (ama-polymer e-nickel-cobalt-manganese). Izinto ze-electrode ezinhle zithatha ingxenye enkulu (isilinganiso sobuningi bezinto ze-electrode ezinhle nezimbi singu-3:1 ~ 4:1), ngoba ukusebenza kwezinto ze-electrode ezinhle kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kwebhethri le-lithium-ion, futhi izindleko zalo zinquma ngqo izindleko zebhethri.
Phakathi kwezinto ze-electrode ezingezinhle, izinto ze-electrode ezingezinhle zamanje ziyi-graphite yemvelo kanye ne-graphite yokwenziwa. Izinto ze-anode ezihlolwayo yi-nitrides, i-PAS, ama-oxide asekelwe ku-tin, ama-alloy e-tin, izinto ze-nano-anode, kanye nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-intermetallic. Njengenye yezingxenye ezine ezinkulu zamabhethri e-lithium, izinto ze-electrode ezingezinhle zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthamo webhethri kanye nokusebenza komjikelezo, futhi zisemkhathini wokufinyelela okuphakathi embonini yebhethri le-lithium.
I-Fuel Cell iyidivayisi yokuguqula amandla e-electrochemical process engashisi. Amandla amakhemikhali e-hydrogen (amanye amafutha) kanye ne-oxygen aguqulwa njalo abe ugesi. Umgomo osebenzayo ukuthi i-H2 i-oxidized ibe yi-H+ kanye ne-e- ngaphansi kwesenzo se-anode catalyst, i-H+ ifinyelela ku-electrode enhle nge-proton exchange membrane, isabela ne-O2 ukuze yakhe amanzi ku-cathode, bese i-e- ifinyelela ku-cathode ngesekethe yangaphandle, futhi ukusabela okuqhubekayo kukhiqiza ugesi. Nakuba i-fuel cell inegama elithi “ibhethri”, akuyona idivayisi yokugcina amandla ngomqondo wendabuko, kodwa idivayisi yokukhiqiza amandla, okuwumehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaseli kaphethiloli namabhethri endabuko.
Igumbi lokuhlola ukushaqeka kokushisa: Leli gumbi lilingisa izinguquko zokushisa ezisheshayo ezingase zihlangane namabhethri ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngokuveza amabhethri ekushintsheni okukhulu kokushisa, njengokushintsha ngokushesha kusuka ekushiseni okuphezulu kuya ekushiseni okuphansi, singahlola ukusebenza kwawo kanye nokuthembeka ngaphansi kokushintshashintsha kokushisa.
Igumbi lokuhlola ukuguga kwesibani se-Xenon: Lo mshini uphinda izimo zokukhanya kwelanga ngokudalula amabhethri emisebeni yokukhanya okukhulu evela ezibani ze-xenon. Lokhu kulingisa kusiza ukuhlola ukwehla kokusebenza kwebhethri kanye nokuqina kwayo uma idalulwa ekukhanyeni isikhathi eside.
Igumbi lokuhlola ukuguga kwe-UV: Leli gumbi lilingisa izindawo zokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ngokubeka amabhethri ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, singalingisa ukusebenza kwawo nokuqina kwawo ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya kwe-UV isikhathi eside.
Ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yale mishini yokuhlola kuvumela ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokukhathala nokuphila kwamabhethri. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngaphambi kokwenza lezi zivivinyo, kubalulekile ukulandela imihlahlandlela yokuphepha efanele nokulandela ngokuqinile imiyalelo yokusebenza yemishini yokuhlola ukuqinisekisa izinqubo zokuhlola ezinembile neziphephile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba 12-2023
